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Properties Characterization of Chemically Modified Hemp Hurds

Published

3 years ago

August 10, 2017

Republished by Plato

. 2014 Dec 17;7(12):8131-8150.

doi: 10.3390/ma7128131.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Material Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Vysokoskolska 4, Kosice 042 00, Slovakia. nadezda.stevulova@tuke.sk.
² Department of Material Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Vysokoskolska 4, Kosice 042 00, Slovakia. julia.cigasova@tuke.sk.
³ Department of Material Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Vysokoskolska 4, Kosice 042 00, Slovakia. adriana.estokova@tuke.sk.
⁴ Department of Material Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Vysokoskolska 4, Kosice 042 00, Slovakia. eva.terpakova@tuke.sk.
⁵ Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 2117/24, Zvolen 960 53; Slovakia. geffert@tuzvo.sk.
⁶ Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 2117/24, Zvolen 960 53; Slovakia. kacik@tuzvo.sk.
⁷ Department of Material Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Vysokoskolska 4, Kosice 042 00, Slovakia. eva.singovszka@tuke.sk.
⁸ Department of Material Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Vysokoskolska 4, Kosice 042 00, Slovakia. marian.holub@tuke.sk.

Free PMC article

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Nadezda Stevulova et al. Materials (Basel). 2014.

Free PMC article

. 2014 Dec 17;7(12):8131-8150.

doi: 10.3390/ma7128131.

Affiliations

¹ Department of Material Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Vysokoskolska 4, Kosice 042 00, Slovakia. nadezda.stevulova@tuke.sk.
² Department of Material Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Vysokoskolska 4, Kosice 042 00, Slovakia. julia.cigasova@tuke.sk.
³ Department of Material Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Vysokoskolska 4, Kosice 042 00, Slovakia. adriana.estokova@tuke.sk.
⁴ Department of Material Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Vysokoskolska 4, Kosice 042 00, Slovakia. eva.terpakova@tuke.sk.
⁵ Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 2117/24, Zvolen 960 53; Slovakia. geffert@tuzvo.sk.
⁶ Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 2117/24, Zvolen 960 53; Slovakia. kacik@tuzvo.sk.
⁷ Department of Material Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Vysokoskolska 4, Kosice 042 00, Slovakia. eva.singovszka@tuke.sk.
⁸ Department of Material Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Vysokoskolska 4, Kosice 042 00, Slovakia. marian.holub@tuke.sk.

Item in Clipboard

Abstract

The effect of chemical treatment of hemp hurds slices in three solutions (EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), NaOH and Ca(OH)₂) on the properties of natural material was discussed in this paper. Changes in the morphology, chemical composition and structure as well as thermal stability of hemp hurds before and after their modification were investigated by using FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray powder diffraction analysis) and TG (thermogravimetry)/DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) measurements were used for determination of degree of cellulose polymerization of hemp hurd samples. Chemical modification is related to the partial removal of non-cellulosic components of lignin, hemicellulose and pectin as well as waxes from the surface of hemp hurd slices. Another effect of the chemical treatment applied is connected with increasing the crystallinity index of cellulose determined by FTIR and XRD methods. Decrease in degree of cellulose polymerization and polydispersity index in chemically modified hemp hurds compared to the original sample was observed. Increase in thermal stability of treated hemp hurd was found. The most significant changes were observed in alkaline treated hemp hurds by NaOH.

Keywords: FTIR; SEC; TG/DSC; XRD; chemical modification; hemp hurds.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**

Cross-section of a hemp stem [6].

**Figure 3**

XRD patterns of hemp hurds samples before (referential) and after chemical modification with marked peaks for determination of the crystalline cellulose contents.

**Figure 4**

Micrographs of original sample of hemp hurds (a) and chemically modified by NaOH (b), EDTA (c) and Ca(OH)₂ (d) (40 times of magnification).

**Figure 5**

FTIR spectra of reference hemp hurds and chemically modified samples.

**Figure 6**

FTIR spectra of reference hemp hurds and chemically modified samples.

**Figure 7**

Relationship between DP values and CI_FTIR of cellulose.

**Figure 8**

Cellulose molecular weight distribution of hemp hurds samples.

**Figure 9**

DSC curves of referential and chemically treated hemp hurds.

Cited by 4 articles

Valorization of Hemp Core Residues: Impact of NaOH Treatment on the Flexural Strength of PP Composites and Intrinsic Flexural Strength of Hemp Core Fibers.

Vilaseca F, Serra-Parareda F, Espinosa E, Rodríguez A, Mutjé P, Delgado-Aguilar M. Vilaseca F, et al. Biomolecules. 2020 May 27;10(6):823. doi: 10.3390/biom10060823. Biomolecules. 2020. PMID: 32471275 Free PMC article.
Transparent Ultraviolet (UV)-Shielding Films Made from Waste Hemp Hurd and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA).

Zhang Y, Remadevi R, Hinestroza JP, Wang X, Naebe M. Zhang Y, et al. Polymers (Basel). 2020 May 22;12(5):1190. doi: 10.3390/polym12051190. Polymers (Basel). 2020. PMID: 32456096 Free PMC article.
Effect of Silica Fume as a Component of Alternative Binder on the Selected Technically Important Characteristics of Bio-Aggregate-Based Composites.

Stevulova N, Junak J, Vaclavik V. Stevulova N, et al. Materials (Basel). 2018 Nov 1;11(11):2153. doi: 10.3390/ma11112153. Materials (Basel). 2018. PMID: 30388795 Free PMC article.
Comminution of Dry Lignocellulosic Biomass, a Review: Part I. From Fundamental Mechanisms to Milling Behaviour.

Mayer-Laigle C, Blanc N, Rajaonarivony RK, Rouau X. Mayer-Laigle C, et al. Bioengineering (Basel). 2018 Jun 2;5(2):41. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering5020041. Bioengineering (Basel). 2018. PMID: 29865229 Free PMC article. Review.

References

1. Bakis C.E., Bank L.C., Brown V.L., Cosenza E., Davalos J.F., Lesko J.J., Machida A., Rizkalla S.H., Triantafillou T.C. Fiber-reinforced polymer composites for construction—A state-of-the-art review. J. Compos. Constr. 2002;6:73–87. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2002)6:2(73). – DOI
1. Yan L., Chouw N. Sustainable concrete and structures with natural fibre reinforcements. In: Lu Y., editor. Infrastructure Corrosion and Durability—A Sustainability Study. OMICS Group eBooks; Foster City, CA, USA: 2014.
1. Savastano H., Jr., Santos S.F., Radonjic M., Soboyejo W.O. Fracture and fatigue of natural fiber-reinforced cementitious composites. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2009;31:232–243. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.02.006. – DOI
1. Thygesen A., Daniel G., Lilholt H., Thomsen A.B. Hemp fiber microstructure and use of fungal defibration to obtain fibers for composite materials. J. Nat. Fibres. 2005;2:19–37. doi: 10.1300/J395v02n04_02. – DOI
1. Gümüşkaya E., Usta M., Balaban M. Carbohydrate components and crystalline structure of organosolv hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) bast fibers pulp. Bioresour. Technol. 2007;98:491–497. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.02.031. – DOI – PubMed

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Heartland

MMJRecs What Does The 2020 Election Mean For Medical Marijuana?

Marijuana was legalized in five more states on Election Day in November 2020. New Jersey, Arizona, and Montana all voted

Published

9 hours ago

January 15, 2021

Republished by Plato

Marijuana was legalized in five more states on Election Day in November 2020. New Jersey, Arizona, and Montana all voted to legalize recreational marijuana, while South Dakota legalized medical and recreational marijuana and Mississippi voted to legalize medical marijuana.

These votes are another leap forward in the medical marijuana revolution that has been sweeping the country over the past decade. With so many states now voting in favor of medical and recreational marijuana legalization, surely it is only a matter of time before marijuana – of the medical variety, at least – becomes legal at the federal level. It seems more and more clear that the federal ban on marijuana is out of step with public opinion.

But it is still difficult to know what will happen next and what the timeline will be. It seems like the tide is only moving in one direction – but how long will it take for MMJ to become legal nationwide and on the federal level? What does the 2020 election mean for medical marijuana? Will these positive 2020 marijuana legalization ballots lead to federal legalization? Will marijuana be legalized in 2021? Which presidential candidate supports legalization? And what are Joe Biden’s marijuana policies?

MMJRecs - medical cannabis plant — *Image by* *RexMedlen* on *Pixabay: What do the 2020 election results mean for medical marijuana?*

What Does The 2020 Election Mean For Medical Marijuana?

Overall, the 2020 election results were very positive for medical marijuana patients and the MMJ industry. The COVID pandemic has hit many state economies hard, and there is a recognition that legal marijuana, whether medical or recreational, is a big money-maker. The election has shown, through the passing of all marijuana legalization bills (and the support for Joe Biden, who is MMJ-friendly), that there is huge support for MMJ legalization.

2020 Marijuana Legalization Ballot

The 2020 marijuana legalization ballots were a big step in the direction of nationwide legalization. With all five marijuana legalization ballots being passed, there are now 15 states in which recreational marijuana is legal. Medical marijuana is now legal in all states except three.

Will Marijuana Be Legalized In 2021?

Despite the ever-increasing amount of legal marijuana states, and the legalization trend only moving in one direction, it seems unlikely that marijuana will be fully legalized in 2021. Both presidential candidates support states’ rights to choose, and with three states still holding out on legalizing MMJ, it seems unlikely that the federal government will legalize in the near future.

With recreational marijuana still only legal in 15 states, it is highly unlikely that the federal government will legalize recreational marijuana potentially against the wishes of a large number of states.

Which Presidential Candidate Supports Legalization?

Both of the main presidential candidates in the 2020 election supported states’ rights to choose whether marijuana is legal or not, to what extent, and in what form.

Joe Biden Marijuana Policies

Joe Biden is in favor of medical marijuana legalization and allowing states to set their own MMJ policies. He has stated his support for modest federal marijuana policy reform, for marijuana decriminalization, and for expungements for people with marijuana convictions. However, he does not support full federal legalization of recreational marijuana.

*Image by* *gjbmiller* on *Pixabay: Medical marijuana is now legal in a large majority of US states.*

Medical Marijuana Card Advantages

Even in states in which recreational marijuana is legal, it is still an advantage to have a medical marijuana card. An MMJ card means that you get priority in times of shortage. Medical marijuana can also be priced more cheaply than recreational varieties, and possession limits can be higher for medical marijuana patients.

What Are the Qualifying Conditions For A Medical Marijuana Card?

The qualifying conditions for a medical marijuana card vary state by state. Some states are very liberal. In Oklahoma, for example, there is no list of official qualifying conditions. An OK MMJ doctor can prescribe MMJ for any condition that they believe would be improved by MMJ treatment. Most other states are not so liberal, however.

The following conditions will qualify you for an MMJ card in most states:

Alzheimer’s disease
Cachexia
Cancer
Chemotherapy-induced anorexia
Chronic pain
Chronic pancreatitis
Crohn’s disease
Elevated intraocular pressure
Epilepsy
Glaucoma
Hepatitis C
HIV/AIDS
Lupus
Moderate to severe vomiting
Multiple Sclerosis
Muscular Dystrophy
Nausea
Parkinson’s disease
Persistent muscle spasms
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Seizures
Severe pain
Spinal cord injury or disease
Traumatic brain injury
Wasting syndrome

How To Get A Medical Marijuana Card

The best way to get a medical marijuana card is to arrange an online consultation with an MMJ doctor through MMJRecs. MMJRecs will arrange a face-to-face video consultation with an MMJ doctor in your state who will verify that you qualify for MMJ treatment. You will then be emailed an MMJ letter, which you can submit to your local MMJ authorities.

Featured image by Matthew T Rader on Unsplash

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