Heartland
Pathogens and Molds Affecting Production and Quality of Cannabis sativa L
Plant pathogens infecting marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) plants reduce growth of the crop by affecting the roots, crown, and foliage. In addition, fungi (molds) that colonize the inflorescences (buds) during development or after harvest, and which colonize internal tissues as endophytes, can reduce product quality. The pathogens and molds that affect C. sativa grown hydroponically indoors (in environmentally controlled growth rooms and greenhouses) and field-grown plants were studied over…

Plant pathogens infecting marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) plants reduce growth of the crop by affecting the roots, crown, and foliage. In addition, fungi (molds) that colonize the inflorescences (buds) during development or after harvest, and which colonize internal tissues as endophytes, can reduce product quality. The pathogens and molds that affect C. sativa grown hydroponically indoors (in environmentally controlled growth rooms and greenhouses) and field-grown plants were studied over multiple years of sampling. A PCR-based assay using primers for the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of ribosomal DNA confirmed identity of the cultures. Root-infecting pathogens included Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium brachygibbosum, Pythium dissotocum, Pythium myriotylum, and Pythium aphanidermatum, which caused root browning, discoloration of the crown and pith tissues, stunting and yellowing of plants, and in some instances, plant death. On the foliage, powdery mildew, caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum, was the major pathogen observed. On inflorescences, Penicillium bud rot (caused by Penicillium olsonii and Penicillium copticola), Botrytis bud rot (Botrytis cinerea), and Fusarium bud rot (F. solani, F. oxysporum) were present to varying extents. Endophytic fungi present in crown, stem, and petiole tissues included soil-colonizing and cellulolytic fungi, such as species of Chaetomium, Trametes, Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Fusarium. Analysis of air samples in indoor growing environments revealed that species of Penicillium, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Beauveria, and Trichoderma were present. The latter two species were the result of the application of biocontrol products for control of insects and diseases, respectively. Fungal communities present in unpasteurized coconut (coco) fiber growing medium are potential sources of mold contamination on cannabis plants. Swabs taken from greenhouse-grown and indoor buds pre- and post-harvest revealed the presence of Cladosporium and up to five species of Penicillium, as well as low levels of Alternaria species. Mechanical trimming of buds caused an increase in the frequency of Penicillium species, presumably by providing entry points through wounds or spreading endophytes from pith tissues. Aerial distribution of pathogen inoculum and mold spores and dissemination through vegetative propagation are important methods of spread, and entry through wound sites on roots, stems, and bud tissues facilitates pathogen establishment on cannabis plants.
Keywords: diseases; endophytes; epidemiology; fungi; plant pathogens; post-harvest molds; root infection.
Heartland
Introducing SARMS South Africa
What are SARMS, South Africa? Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARMs) are a novel class of cutting-edge performance enhancing supplements which exhibit similar effects to androgenic drugs but are much more selective in their actions and have minimised side effects. They work by binding to your androgen receptors, through targeted tissue selection. SARMs represent a step […]
The post Introducing SARMS South Africa appeared first on CBD Oil Cape Town – Natural Therapy SA.

What are SARMS, South Africa?
Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARMs) are a novel class of cutting-edge performance enhancing supplements which exhibit similar effects to androgenic drugs but are much more selective in their actions and have minimised side effects. They work by binding to your androgen receptors, through targeted tissue selection.
SARMs represent a step towards safer class of androgenic supplements and their usage extends beyond muscle building and fat loss and well into the medical space as the medical applications are limitless.
SARMS were in fact created by accident. In the early Nineties a Professor James T Dalton was working on cutting edge treatments for Prostate cancer. When he stumbled across molecule andarine (The first SARM) , although molecule anadarine was not very effective with regards to treating prostate cancer, it showed remarkable effects on enhancing muscle growth.
SARMS development has come a long way since then and these days there are SARMS for all sorts of physical enhancements. The most notable use is in the Body Building world where incredible gains in physical strength and muscle are achieved as well as the promotion of lean muscle and fat loss. In the medical space, there are countless peer reviewed studies that show the medical applications of SARMS in conditions that result in muscle loss, Chemotherapy recovery and weight management to name but a few. In short, SARMS are the cutting edge of medical innovation.
Source: https://naturaltherapy.co.za/2021/01/26/introducing-sarms-south-africa/
Heartland
A good oil based sweetener?
Hello. I hope someone can advice. I have some distillate and I’m mixing it with mct. I’ve found the taste quite harsh. I think a natural based sweetener would take the edge off. Does anyone know of a natural oil based sweeter that would mix well?
Thanks
Source: https://www.reddit.com/r/CBD/comments/l5disn/a_good_oil_based_sweetener/
Heartland
CBD and Alcohol: Are They Safe to Mix?
If you’ve been to a bar recently, you may have noticed that CBD has become a staple on cocktail menus. Breweries have also started adding CBD to their beer, claiming it enhances relaxation or negates some of alcohol’s negative effects. What really happens when you mix CBD and alcohol? And is it safe? Unfortunately, research… View Article
The post CBD and Alcohol: Are They Safe to Mix? appeared first on The CBD Insider.
If you’ve been to a bar recently, you may have noticed that CBD has become a staple on cocktail menus. Breweries have also started adding CBD to their beer, claiming it enhances relaxation or negates some of alcohol’s negative effects.
What really happens when you mix CBD and alcohol? And is it safe?
Unfortunately, research is very limited. We know some of their effects, but we’re far from understanding all of the ways they interact together in the body.
The little we do know is complicated by the fact that everyone processes CBD a little differently, so the effect it has on alcohol consumption is not predictable.
However, there have been no instances of serious adverse effects from mixing the two (apart from the well-known risks of excessive alcohol consumption). And, some studies claim that taking CBD with alcohol may be beneficial.
In this article, we’ll explain the benefits and risks of taking alcohol and CBD together. We’ll also look at CBD as a potential hangover cure.
Table of Contents
- How do CBD and Alcohol Interact in the Body?
- The Benefits of CBD Oil and Alcohol
- The Risks of CBD and Alcohol
- Does CBD Help with Hangovers
- Is it Safe to Mix Alcohol and CBD?
How do CBD and Alcohol Interact in the Body?

Taking CBD oil and alcohol together initiates hundreds of chemical reactions in the body. Due to limited research, we know very little about these reactions, and when it comes to CBD, many are still a mystery.
Here’s what we know so far.
Alcohol inhibits your central nervous system, making you less sensitive to pain and other unpleasant sensations, but this also leads to poor motor skills.
Alcohol increases the happiness hormone dopamine, and it is a GABA agonist. When binding with GABA receptors, your stress levels plummet and your confidence rises.
As the body processes alcohol, it can significantly damage the liver, kidneys, and brain. Uncomfortable side effects are felt the day after excessive drinking in the form of a hangover.
CBD affects the body in some of the same ways as alcohol.
For example, CBD also binds with GABA receptors, causing a sedated, relaxed sensation. CBD boosts levels of hormones like dopamine and serotonin, both mood boosters. This has led some to believe that CBD and alcohol may amplify each other’s effects.
However, CBD may also negate some of the negative effects of alcohol. It could protect your cells from the stress caused by alcohol processing and prevent inflammation caused by excess alcohol consumption.
CBD is not known to have any serious side effects or cause damage to the body. It does not lead to dependency, even when taken in large doses.
Below, we’ll take a closer look at the benefits and risks of mixing alcohol and CBD.
The Benefits of CBD Oil and Alcohol
The Risks of CBD and Alcohol
- CBD and alcohol may cause extreme fatigue and drowsiness: Some claim to feel extremely drowsy after mixing CBD and alcohol, which may be caused by high GABA modulation along with increased serotonin and dopamine levels.
- CBD and alcohol may cause dangerous levels of intoxication: If CBD amplifies the effects of alcohol, it could cause higher-than-anticipated intoxication levels, especially for those who are not regular users of either substance.
- Mixing CBD and alcohol is unpredictable: There are at least seven mutations of the CB2 receptor (CBD binds to this receptor in the endocannabinoid system), which means people may experience the combination of CBD and alcohol in very different ways.
- Mixing CBD and alcohol is not well understood: Due to the lack of research on mixing CBD and alcohol, it is inherently risky to take them together.
Does CBD Help with Hangovers?

There is no evidence that CBD can “cure” or prevent a hangover. But there is evidence that CBD can reduce the negative symptoms of a hangover.
CBD’s anti-inflammatory properties may help to relieve discomfort from headaches and muscle aches caused by alcohol.
CBD has been found to effectively reduce nausea and vomiting, which could prevent stomach aches the morning after.
Alcohol’s effects on GABA can cause an excess of glutamate in the brain the next day. This imbalance can cause anxiety, nervousness, and jitters. CBD can boost levels of GABA back to normal, decreasing anxiety and moodiness.
Is it Safe to Mix Alcohol and CBD?
At the moment, it’s not possible to say whether CBD and alcohol are safe to mix. There isn’t enough reliable research to draw a conclusion.
There have been no serious complications or side effects reported from mixing CBD and alcohol. We theorize that it is likely safe to take them together if both are consumed in low doses because of this anecdotal evidence.
However, in this case, it may not be worth taking them together. In the above studies, many of the benefits of taking CBD with alcohol were only apparent when CBD was administered in high doses.
Low doses of CBD may not do anything but increase the price of your drink.
Due to a lack of research, we cannot recommend mixing high doses of either substance.
Though, if you drink a bit too much, we recommend taking CBD the morning after to help with hangover symptoms such as headache, nausea, and anxiety.
Source: https://thecbdinsider.com/knowledge-center/cbd-and-alcohol/
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